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Turkistan (), formerly known as ''Turkestan'' ((ロシア語:''Туркестан''); (ウズベク語:''Turkiston'')) - is a city in South Kazakhstan Region of Kazakhstan, near the Syr Darya river. It is situated north-west of Shymkent on the Trans-Aral Railway between Kyzylorda to the north and Tashkent to the south. Population: ==History== Turkistan is one of Kazakhstan's historic cities with an archaeological record dating back to the 4th century. During the Han dynasty it may even have been Beitan, the summer capital of ancient Kangju (康居), which is mentioned in the ''Hanshu''.〔Hill (2009), p. 177.〕〔Hulsewé (1979), pp. 124-125 and n. 199.〕 It became a commercial centre after the final demise of Otrar, the medieval city whose ruins lie near the Syr Darya to the southeast. Throughout most of the medieval and early-modern period it was known as Yasi or Shavgar and after the 16th-17th centuries as Turkistan or Hazrat, both of which names derive from the title 'Hazrat-i Turkistan', which literally means "the Saint (or Blessed One) of Turkistan" and refers to Khoja Akhmet Yassawi, the Sufi Sheikh of Turkistan, who lived here during the 11th century CE and is buried in the town. Because of his influence and in his memory the city became an important centre of spirituality and Islamic learning for the peoples of the Kazakh steppes. In the 1390s Timur (Tamerlane) erected a magnificent domed ''Mazar'' or tomb over his grave, which remains the most significant architectural monument in the Republic of Kazakhstan, was pictured on the back of the banknotes of the national currency until 2006. Other important historical sites in the city include a medieval bath-house and four other mausoleums, one dedicated to Timur's granddaughter and three to Kazakh khans (rulers). Before the Russians came in the 19th century, Turkistan lay on the frontier of the settled Perso-Islamic oasis culture of Transoxiana to the south, and the world of the Kazakh steppe to the north. In the 16th to 18th centuries Turkestan became the capital of the Kazakh Khanate.〔(Туркестан — столица Казахского ханства )〕 It became the political center of the Kazakh steppe, but after advancing conquest expeditions of the Russian Empire and the associated weakening of the Kazakh Khanate benefited small southern states that he was captured. Finally, this city was conquered in Kokand khanate by Russian General Veryovkin in 1864. When Turkistan fell to the Russian Empire it was incorporated into the Syr-Darya Oblast of the Governor-Generalship of Russian Turkestan. When the Tsarist regime fell in 1917-18 it was briefly part of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic before being returned Kazakhs as a city of Kazakh SSR in 1924. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Turkistan (city)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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